Kubernetes Orchestration

By the end of this exercise, you should be able to:

Define and launch basic pods, replicaSets and deployments using kubectl
Get metadata, configuration and state information about a kubernetes object using kubectl describe
Update an image for a pod in a running kubernetes deployment

Creating Pods

On your master node, create a yaml file pod.yaml to describe a simple pod with the following content:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: demo
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx:1.7.9

Deploy your pod:

[centos@node-0 ~]$ kubectl create -f pod.yaml

Confirm your pod is running:

[centos@node-0 ~]$ kubectl get pod demo

Get some metadata about your pod:

[centos@node-0 ~]$ kubectl describe pod demo

Delete your pod:

[centos@node-0 ~]$ kubectl delete pod demo

Modify pod.yaml to create a second container inside your pod:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: demo
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx:1.7.9
  - name: sidecar
    image: centos:7
    command: ["ping"]
    args: ["8.8.8.8"]

Deploy this new pod, and create a bash shell inside the container named sidecar:

[centos@node-0 ~]$ kubectl create -f pod.yaml
[centos@node-0 ~]$ kubectl exec -c=sidecar -it demo -- /bin/bash

From within the sidecar container, fetch the nginx landing page on the default port 80 using localhost:
```
[root@demo /]# curl localhost:80
```
You should see the html of the nginx landing page. Note these containers can reach each other on localhost, meaning they are sharing a network namespace. Now list the processes in your sidecar container:
```
[root@demo /]# ps -aux
```
You should see the ping process we containerized, the shell we created to explore this container using kubectl exec, and the ps process itself - but no nginx. While a network namespace is shared between the containers, they still have their own PID namespace (for example).

Finally, remember to exit out of this pod, and delete it:

[root@demo /]# exit
[centos@node-0 ~]$ kubectl delete pod demo

Creating ReplicaSets

On your master node-0, create a yaml file replicaset.yaml to describe a simple replicaSet with the following content:
```
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: ReplicaSet
metadata:
  name: rs-demo
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      component: reverse-proxy
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        component: reverse-proxy
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx:1.7.9
```
Notice especially the replicas key, which defines how many copies of this pod to create, and the template section; this defines the pod to replicate, and is described almost exactly like the first pod definition we created above. The difference here is the required presence of the labels key in the pod's metadata, which must match the selector -> matchLabels item in the specification of the replicaSet.

Deploy your replicaSet, and get some state information about it:

[centos@node-0 ~]$ kubectl create -f replicaset.yaml
[centos@node-0 ~]$ kubectl describe replicaset rs-demo

After a few moments, you should see something like

Name:         rs-demo
Namespace:    default
Selector:     component=reverse-proxy
Labels:       component=reverse-proxy
Annotations:  <none>
Replicas:     3 current / 3 desired
Pods Status:  3 Running / 0 Waiting / 0 Succeeded / 0 Failed
Pod Template:
  Labels:  component=reverse-proxy
  Containers:
   nginx:
    Image:        nginx:1.7.9
    Port:         <none>
    Host Port:    <none>
    Environment:  <none>
    Mounts:       <none>
  Volumes:        <none>
Events:
  Type    Reason            Age   From                   Message
  ----    ------            ----  ----                   -------
  Normal  SuccessfulCreate  35s   replicaset-controller  Created pod: rs-demo-jxmjj
  Normal  SuccessfulCreate  35s   replicaset-controller  Created pod: rs-demo-dmdtf
  Normal  SuccessfulCreate  35s   replicaset-controller  Created pod: rs-demo-j62fx

Note the replicaSet has created three pods as requested, and will reschedule them if they exit.

Try killing off one of your pods, and reexamining the output of the above describe command. The <pod name> comes from the last three lines in the output above, such as rs-demo-jxmjj:
```
[centos@node-0 ~]$ kubectl delete pod <pod name>
[centos@node-0 ~]$ kubectl describe replicaset rs-demo
```
The dead pod gets rescheduled by the replicaSet, similar to a failed task in Docker Swarm.

Delete your replicaSet:

[centos@node-0 ~]$ kubectl delete replicaset rs-demo

Creating Deployments

On your master node-0, create a yaml file deployment.yaml to describe a simple deployment with the following content:
```
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: nginx-deployment
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx:1.7.9
```
Notice this is the exact same structure as your replicaSet yaml above, but this time the kind is Deployment. Deployments create a replicaSet of pods, but add some deployment management functionality on top of them, such as rolling updates and rollback.

Spin up your deployment, and get some state information:

[centos@node-0 ~]$ kubectl create -f deployment.yaml
[centos@node-0 ~]$ kubectl describe deployment nginx-deployment

The describe command should return something like:

Name:                   nginx-deployment
Namespace:              default
CreationTimestamp:      Thu, 24 May 2018 04:29:18 +0000
Labels:                 <none>
Annotations:            deployment.kubernetes.io/revision=1
Selector:               app=nginx
Replicas:               3 desired | 3 updated | 3 total | 3 available | 0 unavailable
StrategyType:           RollingUpdate
MinReadySeconds:        0
RollingUpdateStrategy:  25% max unavailable, 25% max surge
Pod Template:
  Labels:  app=nginx
  Containers:
   nginx:
    Image:        nginx:1.7.9
    Port:         <none>
    Host Port:    <none>
    Environment:  <none>
    Mounts:       <none>
  Volumes:        <none>
Conditions:
  Type           Status  Reason
  ----           ------  ------
  Available      True    MinimumReplicasAvailable
  Progressing    True    NewReplicaSetAvailable
OldReplicaSets:  <none>
NewReplicaSet:   nginx-deployment-85f7784776 (3/3 replicas created)
Events:
  Type    Reason             Age   From                   Message
  ----    ------             ----  ----                   -------
  Normal  ScalingReplicaSet  10s   deployment-controller  Scaled up replica set nginx-deployment-85f7784776 to 3

Note the very last line, indicating this deployment actually created a replicaSet which it used to scale up to three pods.

List your replicaSets and pods:

[centos@node-0 ~]$ kubectl get replicaSet

NAME                          DESIRED   CURRENT   READY   AGE
nginx-deployment-79d4c74645   3         3         3       17s

[centos@node-0 ~]$ kubectl get pod

NAME                                READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-deployment-79d4c74645-9mtzm   1/1     Running   0          22s
nginx-deployment-79d4c74645-k7wml   1/1     Running   0          22s
nginx-deployment-79d4c74645-rrfrf   1/1     Running   0          22s

You should see one replicaSet and three pods created by your deployment, similar to the above.

Upgrade the nginx image from 1.7.9 to 1.9.1:

[centos@node-0 ~]$ kubectl set image deployment/nginx-deployment nginx=nginx:1.9.1

After a few seconds, kubectl describe your deployment as above again. You should see that the image has been updated, and that the old replicaSet has been scaled down to 0 replicas, while a new replicaSet (with your updated image) has been scaled up to 3 pods. List your replicaSets one more time:
```
[centos@node-0 ~]$ kubectl get replicaSets
```
You should see something like
```
NAME                          DESIRED   CURRENT   READY     AGE
nginx-deployment-69df9ccbf8   3         3         3         4m
nginx-deployment-85f7784776   0         0         0         9m
```
Do a kubectl describe replicaSet <replicaSet scaled down to 0>; you should see that while no pods are running for this replicaSet, the old replicaSet's definition is still around so we can easily roll back to this version of the app if we need to.

Clean up your cluster:

[centos@node-0 ~]$ kubectl delete deployment nginx-deployment

Conclusion

In this exercise, you explored the basic scheduling objects of pods, replicaSets, and deployments. Each object is responsible for a different part of the orchestration stack; pods are the basic unit of scheduling, replicaSets do keep-alive and scaling, and deployments provide update and rollback functionality. In a sense, these objects all 'nest' one inside the next; by creating a deployment, you implicitly created a replicaSet which in turn created the corresponding pods. In most cases, you're better off creating deployments rather than replicaSets or pods directly; this way, you get all the orchestrating scheduling features you would expect in analogy to a Docker Swarm service.